未來(lái)博物館要如何定義？
近幾十年來(lái)，隨著博物館發(fā)生巨大轉(zhuǎn)變，其原則、政策以及實(shí)踐都對(duì)應(yīng)做出了調(diào)整及改變。與此同時(shí)，國(guó)際博物館協(xié)會(huì)（ICOM）現(xiàn)有的博物館定義卻似乎已經(jīng)不能反映目前博物館所遇的挑戰(zhàn)、前景和責(zé)任。對(duì)此，國(guó)際博協(xié)邀請(qǐng)協(xié)會(huì)成員與其他相關(guān)成員共同參與，以制定一個(gè)全新的、更符合當(dāng)下的博物館定義。
在第25屆京都國(guó)際博協(xié)大會(huì)上討論與決定。
新定義提案所應(yīng)具備的因素
1.博物館定義應(yīng)明確博物館的目的，以及博物館在21世紀(jì)應(yīng)對(duì)可持續(xù)的、道德的、政治的、社會(huì)的和文化的挑戰(zhàn)及所承擔(dān)責(zé)任的價(jià)值基礎(chǔ)。
2.博物館定義應(yīng)保留博物館收集、保護(hù)、記錄、研究、展覽的功能以及傳播藏品和其它文化遺產(chǎn)證據(jù)的多種方式的獨(dú)特、明確和必要性的統(tǒng)一，即便當(dāng)前的術(shù)語(yǔ)可能不盡一致。
3.博物館定義應(yīng)承認(rèn)自然危機(jī)的急迫性以及制定和實(shí)施可持續(xù)解決方案的緊迫性。
4.博物館定義應(yīng)承認(rèn)并尊重和顧及全球各地博物館工作所依循的各種世界觀、條件和傳統(tǒng)。
5.博物館定義應(yīng)承認(rèn)并關(guān)切全球及國(guó)家、地區(qū)和地方的遺留的且持續(xù)存在的深刻的社會(huì)不平等及權(quán)力與財(cái)富的不平等。
6.博物館定義應(yīng)表達(dá)博物館在與其社區(qū)的協(xié)作、共同承諾、責(zé)任和權(quán)力的關(guān)系中的專家角色。
7.博物館定義應(yīng)表達(dá)博物館作為有意義的會(huì)晤場(chǎng)所，以及開放及多樣化學(xué)習(xí)與交流平臺(tái)的承諾。
8.博物館定義應(yīng)表明博物館在獲得和使用其物質(zhì)、財(cái)務(wù)、社會(huì)和智力資源上應(yīng)是可問(wèn)責(zé)的和透明的。
（此部分翻譯內(nèi)容來(lái)自于宋向光老師編譯的《博物館定義、期望和提案常設(shè)委員會(huì)（MDPP）報(bào)告》）
來(lái)自世界各國(guó)的提案
目前，已經(jīng)有多個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)已在官網(wǎng)上遞交了關(guān)于新定義的56條提案。為此，小編從中選取了幾條進(jìn)行翻譯，拋磚引玉，希望能夠引起大家對(duì)新定義的討論。當(dāng)然，由于小編水平有限，難免有錯(cuò)誤出現(xiàn)，還煩請(qǐng)大家在留言中進(jìn)行指正！
中國(guó)
1. 博物館是通過(guò)物的搜集、研究、教學(xué)，以理解人和世界發(fā)展的社會(huì)機(jī)構(gòu)。
2. 博物館是一種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象。它源于人們對(duì)世界的感知和文化揭示，表現(xiàn)為博物館狀態(tài)、博物館現(xiàn)象和博物館三種形式。
西班牙
博物館是一個(gè)守護(hù)、保存、記錄、研究、展示、傳播和保護(hù)對(duì)人類具有重要意義的物質(zhì)及非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)的機(jī)構(gòu)。博物館應(yīng)是一個(gè)致力于其社區(qū)發(fā)展的透明組織。
A museum is an institution that guards, preserves, documents, researches, exhibits, disseminates and protects a cultural heritage of great significance for Humanity, whether material or immaterial. The museum owes a transparent organization committed to the social development of its community.
莫桑比克
博物館是一個(gè)具有或不具有法人資格的永久性非營(yíng)利事業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)，旨在將一套有形文化資產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)化，并通過(guò)研究、整合、清點(diǎn)、保存、闡釋、展示和傳播對(duì)其進(jìn)行評(píng)估，以便與世界各地的觀眾（國(guó)內(nèi)外）就參觀、學(xué)術(shù)以及興趣進(jìn)行對(duì)話。
Museum is a non-institution of permanent character, with or without juridical personality, aiming at systematizing a set of tangible cultural assets and valuing them through: research, incorporation, inventory, conservation, interpretation, exhibition and dissemination in order to dialogue with various audiences (national and international) in the field of visitation, academic and delight.
巴西
博物館是為社會(huì)及其發(fā)展服務(wù)的一個(gè)重要環(huán)節(jié)，也是進(jìn)行研究、闡釋、繪圖、記錄、保護(hù)、交流和展示人與自然之間見(jiàn)證的機(jī)構(gòu)，旨在擴(kuò)大身份建設(shè)的可能性和對(duì)城市文化現(xiàn)實(shí)的批判性認(rèn)識(shí)。
Museums are processes and must be at the service of society and its development. They should also be units of investigation, interpretation, mapping, documentation, cultural preservation, communication and exposure of the testimonies of man and nature, with the aim of expanding the possibilities of identity construction and the critical perception about the cultural reality of cities.
德國(guó)
1.博物館是一個(gè)服務(wù)于公共福利的永久性機(jī)構(gòu)，旨在將（自然的、某種文化的、文化的）物質(zhì)證據(jù)以及圍繞其所創(chuàng)造的系統(tǒng)知識(shí)傳遞給未來(lái)。
A museum is an institution in the service of public welfare, erected for durable existence. Intending the transfer into future, it conserves material evidence (of nature, of one culture, of cultures) and creates internal and external knowledge with and concerning those objects.
2.博物館是一個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)提問(wèn)而不是得到答案的地方。
The museum as a place to learn to ask questions instead of getting answers.
伊朗
博物館是一個(gè)向公眾開放、由專業(yè)人士建立和管理的機(jī)構(gòu)，試圖通過(guò)對(duì)愛(ài)、和平、平等和自然的欣賞來(lái)闡述人的尊嚴(yán)和生活品質(zhì)，并通過(guò)合法獲取、記錄、保護(hù)、展示和研究人類的有形和無(wú)形遺產(chǎn)，以消除政治、社會(huì)、文化或種族偏見(jiàn)。
A museum is an open to the public, professionally established and managed institution which attempts to elaborate human dignity and life quality through appreciation of love, peace, equality and nature, free from any political, social, cultural or ethnic bias with lawful acquisition, documentation, conservation, exhibition and research of tangible and intangible heritage of humanity.
以色列
博物館作為影響現(xiàn)實(shí)的工具，應(yīng)根據(jù)其核心承諾，就原始與再生、創(chuàng)新與傳統(tǒng)、信息與參與、局部與全球等為公眾所關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)話題，提供更為多元的視角。博物館的操作需要更為透明。
Museums, as instruments of affecting realities, provide single to multi-perspectives into focuses of public interest which are not commonly obtainable, inside the tensions between original to recycled, innovative to traditional, informative to engaging, sectorial to universal, according to the museum’s core commitment. Museums operate out of a transparently declared to a hidden motivation.
意大利
博物館是一個(gè)向公眾開放、為社會(huì)及其發(fā)展服務(wù)的永久性非營(yíng)利機(jī)構(gòu)，是思想交流的場(chǎng)所。博物館通過(guò)收集、保存、研究、傳播和展示人類的有形和無(wú)形遺產(chǎn)及其環(huán)境，以實(shí)現(xiàn)教育、學(xué)習(xí)和娛樂(lè)的目的。
A museum is a permanent non-profit institution at the service of society and its development, open to the public and a place for the exchange of ideas, which acquires, preserves, researches, communicates and shows the tangible and intangible heritage of humanity and of its environment for the purposes of education, study and entertainment.
美國(guó)
博物館是文化的管理者。相對(duì)于下定義，博物館更應(yīng)尋求如何描述由社區(qū)成員所制定的文化，并為不同文化的實(shí)踐提供會(huì)晤場(chǎng)所和支持平臺(tái)。博物館受公眾委托保管藏品，并將其向公眾開放。
Museums are stewards of culture. Rather than define, they seek to describe cultures as enacted by communities of constituents and to provide gathering sites and support platforms for the practice of diverse cultures. Museums are entrusted with objects in their care by the public and are responsible to make those objects accessible to the public.
英國(guó)
1.通過(guò)展覽和展示，博物館對(duì)遺產(chǎn)進(jìn)行收集、保存和傳播。博物館是使公眾可以接觸到文化遺產(chǎn)的公共機(jī)構(gòu)。博物館是以研究和展示手段實(shí)現(xiàn)教育和娛樂(lè)的機(jī)構(gòu)，擁有促進(jìn)社會(huì)、文化及知識(shí)變革的力量，有利于人類發(fā)展。
Museums collect, conserve, and communicate heritage through exhibitions and display. They are public institutions that make cultural heritage present and accessible to all. Museums are agents of education and recreation through research and display, with the power to lead social, cultural, and intellectual change for the benefit of human development.
2.博物館有責(zé)任促進(jìn)當(dāng)?shù)睾腿虻姆e極發(fā)展，致力解決現(xiàn)實(shí)世界問(wèn)題，并在穩(wěn)定的自然環(huán)境之下推動(dòng)公正社會(huì)的發(fā)展。
Museums have a responsibility to promote positive development locally and globally, addressing real world issues and promoting a just society that flourishes within a stable natural environment.
葡萄牙
博物館是為社會(huì)及其發(fā)展和文化所服務(wù)的永久性機(jī)構(gòu)。博物館需要對(duì)所有公眾開放，包容所有人及所有信仰、種族和個(gè)人選擇。獲取、保存、研究、交流和展示人類遺產(chǎn)及其環(huán)境，以實(shí)現(xiàn)教育、學(xué)習(xí)和愉悅的目的。
A museum is a permanent institution in the service of society and its development and culture. Needs to be open to the all the public, is inclusive to all and to all beliefs, races and personal choices. Acquires, conserves, researches, communicates and exhibits the heritage of humanity and its environment for the purposes of education, study and enjoyment.
加拿大
作為非營(yíng)利性實(shí)體，博物館正獨(dú)自或共同通過(guò)證據(jù)—藏品、知識(shí)—研究，啟發(fā)—教育和參與，為后代保存世界。博物館通過(guò)其所選擇收集、保存、研究和與公眾分享的文化和自然遺產(chǎn)，來(lái)反映我們?cè)钦l(shuí)、我們現(xiàn)在是誰(shuí)以及我們渴望成為誰(shuí)。
Independently and collectively, as non-profit entities, museums are saving the world for future generations with Evidence: collections, Knowledge: research and Inspiration: education and engagement. Museums reflect who we were, who we are and who we aspire to be through the cultural and natural heritage we choose to collect, preserve, study and share with the publics we serve.
荷蘭
博物館是收集、組織和展示過(guò)去和現(xiàn)在的非物質(zhì)和物質(zhì)痕跡，以創(chuàng)造和推動(dòng)未來(lái)新愿景的機(jī)構(gòu)。他們的專業(yè)權(quán)威使他們能夠傾聽(tīng)多種聲音，特別是那些曾聞所未聞的聲音，并為每個(gè)人提供交流和討論的空間。
Museums are institutions that collect, organise and display the immaterial and material traces of past and present to create and promote new visions for the future. Their professional authority enables them to listen to a plurality of voices, especially those often unheard, and provide a space of encounter and debate for everyone.
法國(guó)
博物館是一個(gè)向所有人開放的會(huì)晤場(chǎng)所，沒(méi)有任何社會(huì)、政治、宗教或出身的區(qū)別。在博物館，人們以共享專業(yè)知識(shí)的精神進(jìn)行交流，以便在可持續(xù)性的方法中保護(hù)、加強(qiáng)和激發(fā)人類文化遺產(chǎn)和表現(xiàn)形式的多樣化。
The museum is a meeting place open to all people, without any social, political, religious or distinction of origin, where exchanges are elaborated in a spirit of shared expertise, in order to safeguard, enhance and animate the heritages, expressions of the cultural diversity of the humanity within a sustainability approach.
奧地利
博物館是社會(huì)變革的推動(dòng)者。它們是收集、保存、轉(zhuǎn)化和傳播文化遺產(chǎn)的獨(dú)立機(jī)構(gòu)。博物館應(yīng)該是面向社會(huì)公眾的開放論壇，并以其藏品和所講述的故事為基礎(chǔ)，討論對(duì)他們所在社區(qū)具有重要意義的話題。
Museums are agents of social change. They are independent institutions that collect, conserve, transfer and communicate cultural heritage. Museums should to be open forums for all people in society and address topics of importance to their communities rooted in their collections and the stories they tell.
對(duì)于博物館的新定義，你是否也有自己的思考與想法呢？你是否也想貢獻(xiàn)一份自己的力量呢？歡迎大家在留言區(qū)與我們討論，也希望大家可以前去ICOM官網(wǎng)遞交自己的提案！更多相關(guān)背景信息，請(qǐng)參閱2018年12月ICOM執(zhí)行委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)的《博物館定義、期望和提案常設(shè)委員會(huì)（MDPP）報(bào)告》。
來(lái)源：國(guó)際博物館協(xié)會(huì)官網(wǎng)
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